Voice over IP - Wikipedia. Voice over Internet Protocol (also voice over IP, Vo. IP or IP telephony) is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. The terms Internet telephony, broadband telephony, and broadband phone service specifically refer to the provisioning of communications services (voice, fax, SMS, voice- messaging) over the public Internet, rather than via the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The steps and principles involved in originating Vo. IP telephone calls are similar to traditional digital telephony and involve signaling, channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signals, and encoding. Instead of being transmitted over a circuit- switched network, however, the digital information is packetized, and transmission occurs as IP packets over a packet- switched network.
They transport audio streams using special media delivery protocols that encode audio and video with audio codecs, and video codecs. Various codecs exist that optimize the media stream based on application requirements and network bandwidth; some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed speech, while others support high- fidelity stereo codecs. Some popular codecs include μ- law and a- law versions of G. G. 7. 22, an open source voice codec known as i. LBC, a codec that only uses 8 kbit/s each way called G. Early providers of voice- over- IP services offered business models and technical solutions that mirrored the architecture of the legacy telephone network.
Second- generation providers, such as Skype, built closed networks for private user bases, offering the benefit of free calls and convenience while potentially charging for access to other communication networks, such as the PSTN. This limited the freedom of users to mix- and- match third- party hardware and software.
Third- generation providers, such as Google Talk, adopted the concept of federated Vo. IP—which is a departure from the architecture of the legacy networks.[1] These solutions typically allow dynamic interconnection between users on any two domains on the Internet when a user wishes to place a call. In addition to Vo. IP phones, Vo. IP is available on many smartphones, personal computers, and other Internet access devices.
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Calls and SMS text messages may be sent over mobile data or Wi- Fi.[2]Pronunciation[edit]Vo. IP is variously pronounced as an initialism, V- O- I- P, or as an acronym, usually /ˈvɔjp/ (voyp), as in voice,[3] but pronunciation in full words, voice over Internet Protocol, and voice over IP, are common. Protocols[edit]Voice over IP has been implemented in various ways using both proprietary protocols and protocols based on open standards. Vo. IP protocols include: The H.
Vo. IP protocols that found widespread implementation for long- distance traffic, as well as local area network services. However, since the development of newer, less complex protocols such as MGCP and SIP, H. These protocols can be used by special- purpose software, such as Jitsi, or integrated into a web page or a mobile application (web- based Vo.
IP), like Google Talk. Adoption[edit]Consumer market[edit]. Example of residential network including Vo. IPA major development that started in 2. Vo. IP services that utilize existing broadband Internet access, by which subscribers place and receive telephone calls in much the same manner as they would via the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Full- service Vo.
IP phone companies provide inbound and outbound service with direct inbound dialing. Many offer unlimited domestic calling for a flat monthly subscription fee. This sometimes includes international calls to certain countries. Phone calls between subscribers of the same provider are usually free when flat- fee service is not available. A Vo. IP phone is necessary to connect to a Vo. IP service provider. This can be implemented in several ways: Dedicated Vo.
IP phones connect directly to the IP network using technologies such as wired Ethernet or Wi- Fi. They are typically designed in the style of traditional digital business telephones. An analog telephone adapter is a device that connects to the network and implements the electronics and firmware to operate a conventional analog telephone attached through a modular phone jack. Some residential Internet gateways and cablemodems have this function built in.
A softphone is application software installed on a networked computer that is equipped with a microphone and speaker, or headset. The application typically presents a dial pad and display field to the user to operate the application by mouse clicks or keyboard input. PSTN and mobile network providers[edit]It is becoming increasingly common for telecommunications providers to use Vo. IP telephony over dedicated and public IP networks to connect switching centers and to interconnect with other telephony network providers; this is often referred to as "IP backhaul".[4][5]Smartphones and Wi- Fi- enabled mobile phones may have SIP clients built into the firmware or available as an application download.
Corporate use[edit]Because of the bandwidth efficiency and low costs that Vo. IP technology can provide, businesses are migrating from traditional copper- wire telephone systems to Vo. IP systems to reduce their monthly phone costs.
In 2. 00. 8, 8. 0% of all new Private branch exchange (PBX) lines installed internationally were Vo. IP.[6]Vo. IP solutions aimed at businesses have evolved into unified communications services that treat all communications—phone calls, faxes, voice mail, e- mail, Web conferences, and more—as discrete units that can all be delivered via any means and to any handset, including cellphones. Two kinds of competitors are competing in this space: one set is focused on Vo. IP for medium to large enterprises, while another is targeting the small- to- medium business (SMB) market.[7]Vo.
IP allows both voice and data communications to be run over a single network, which can significantly reduce infrastructure costs.[8]The prices of extensions on Vo. IP are lower than for PBX and key systems. Vo. IP switches may run on commodity hardware, such as personal computers. Rather than closed architectures, these devices rely on standard interfaces.[8]Vo.
IP devices have simple, intuitive user interfaces, so users can often make simple system configuration changes. Dual- mode phones enable users to continue their conversations as they move between an outside cellular service and an internal Wi- Fi network, so that it is no longer necessary to carry both a desktop phone and a cell phone. Maintenance becomes simpler as there are fewer devices to oversee.[8]Skype, which originally marketed itself as a service among friends, has begun to cater to businesses, providing free- of- charge connections between any users on the Skype network and connecting to and from ordinary PSTN telephones for a charge.[9]In the United States the Social Security Administration (SSA) is converting its field offices of 6. Vo. IP infrastructure carried over its existing data network.[1.
Quality of service[edit]Communication on the IP network is perceived as less reliable in contrast to the circuit- switched public telephone network because it does not provide a network- based mechanism to ensure that data packets are not lost, and are delivered in sequential order. It is a best- effort network without fundamental Quality of Service (Qo. S) guarantees. Voice, and all other data, travels in packets over IP networks with fixed maximum capacity. This system may be more prone to congestion[citation needed] and Do. S attacks[1. 2] than traditional circuit switched systems; a circuit switched system of insufficient capacity will refuse new connections while carrying the remainder without impairment, while the quality of real- time data such as telephone conversations on packet- switched networks degrades dramatically.[1. Therefore, Vo. IP implementations may face problems with latency, packet loss, and jitter.[1.
By default, network routers handle traffic on a first- come, first- served basis. Fixed delays cannot be controlled as they are caused by the physical distance the packets travel. They are especially problematic when satellite circuits are involved because of the long distance to a geostationary satellite and back; delays of 4. Latency can be minimized by marking voice packets as being delay- sensitive with Qo. S methods such as Diff.
Receiver for Windows 4. Carl Stalhood. Navigation. This article applies to all Receiver versions 4. Recently Updated.
Receiver Modules. The Receiver installer deploys multiple modules. Here are the important ones: ICA Engine (wfica. ICA protocol to connect to published apps and desktops.
Self- Service (selfservice. GUI that gets icons from Store. Front. When icon is clicked, ICA Engine performs the connection. Single Sign- on (SSON) for ICA (ssonsvr. VDAs. Receiver Auto- Update (Citrix.
Receiver. Updater. Receiver 4. 8 and newer – Notifies users of Receiver updates.
The PNAgent module is no longer included in Receiver 4. The older Receiver Enterprise includes the PNAgent module, but does not include Self- Service.
The last version of Receiver Enterprise is 3. Custom ICA files are no longer supported. However, Ryan Butler has created a script that asks Store. Front for an ICA file. Explicit credentials are supported. Find the script at Github. Receiver Discovery and Beacon Process.
If you are using Receiver’s built- in user interface (instead of a web browser), then Receiver first prompts you to perform discovery, which is also called Add Account. Enter either a Store. Front FQDN, or a Net. Scaler Gateway FQDN.
Just enter the FQDN. There’s no need to enter https or a path. Receiver will contact the FQDN and request download of the Store. Front Provisioning File. If your Store. Front server is configured with multiple stores, then the user will be prompted to select a store. Unfortunately, there’s no configuration option in Net.
Scaler Gateway to force a particular store. The Provisioning File downloaded from Store.
Front is an XML document containing values for several items configured in the Store. Front console. You can export the Provisioning File from the Store. Front console by right- clicking a Store. The Receiver. Config. Provisioning File looks something like this: Here are the values in the Provisioning File: Receiver reads the Provisioning File, and configures itself by inserting the file’s contents into the user’s registry. The values are located under HKCU\Software\Citrix\Dazzle\Sites and HKCU\Software\Citrix\Receiver\SR.
If you performed discovery through Net. Scaler Gateway, notice that the internal Base URL is added to the user’s registry. Once Receiver is configured, it then performs the following steps: Attempt to connect to the Internal Beacon. If the Internal Beacon is reachable, connect directly to the Store. Front Base URL (Address).
If the Internal Beacon is not reachable. Attempt to connect to the External Beacons. If the External Beacons are not reachable, then stop attempting to connect. Connect to the Gateway address configured in the Provisioning File.
If there is more than one Gateway, connect to the Gateway that is marked as the Default. Here are some interesting notes on this connection process: In Store. Front Console, if any configuration changes are performed that affect the Provisioning File, do the Receivers reconfigure themselves automatically? Or do users have to remove Accounts and re- add so the updated Provisioning File is imported? Here are some additional methods of performing Receiver Discovery: Uninstall Old Clients. Receiver 4. 4 and newer includes Receiver Clean- Up, so, in theory, it’s not necessary to uninstall old clients first. For more details, see Citrix CTX1.
Upgrading to Citrix Receiver for Windows. To run it silently, run Citrix. Receiver. exe /RCU /Silent For a reliable upgrade experience, write a script to remove the old clients, clean up the registry and file system, and then deploy the new Receiver. Citrix Blog Post Cookbook to Upgrade from Receiver 3. Windows to Receiver 4. Citrix Article CTX1. Upgrading to Citrix Receiver for Windows contains step- by- step procedure to use Group Policy to uninstall Receiver Enterprise 3.
Receiver 4. x. The Receiver Clean- Up utility is designed to assist with the following scenarios: When errors occur during upgrade from an earlier version of Receiver or Online Plug- in. When unexpected behavior or performance is experienced after upgrade from an earlier Receiver or Online Plug- in.
If Receiver upgrade is not possible due to feature incompatibility and/or a clean uninstall is required. The Receiver Clean- Up Utility removes components, files, and registry values of Online Plug- in 1. Receiver for Windows 3. Online Plugin- in 1. This includes the Offline Plug- in component if installed. Citrix CTX3. 25. 14. How to Remove Client Files Remaining on System after Uninstalling Receiver for Windows.
Blog posts from Shaun Ritchie: Installation and Configuration. This section contains a summary of all common command line switches, registry keys, and policy settings for Receiver. Links: Citrix. Receiver. LTSR), can be installed by simply double- clicking it. Administrator vs non- administrator. Non- administrator – If a non- administrator installs Receiver, then each non- administrator that logs in to the workstation will have to reinstall Receiver. Non- administrator installations are installed to %USERPROFILE%\App.
Data\Local\Citrix\ICA Client for each user. Administrator – If Citrix. Receiver. exe is installed using an administrator account. Receiver only needs to be installed once. Administrator installations are installed to C: \Program Files (x. Citrix\ICA Client. Administrator installations cannot be upgraded by non- administrators.
Conflicts – If an administrator install of Receiver is performed on a machine that has non- administrator installs of Receiver, then the two Receivers will conflict. Best option is to uninstall non- admin Receiver before installing admin Receiver. Otherwise, the user’s profile probably has to be reset before Receiver is functional again. Auto- Update. Receiver 4. Some notes: To troubleshoot Auto- update, see Citrix CTX2. Troubleshooting Citrix Receiver Updates.
Add Account Wizard. From Citrix CTX1. How to Suppress the Add Account Window in Citrix Receiver for Windows: After installation, Receiver will launch and ask you to add an account. If Receiver 4. 4. Do not show this window automatically at logon. For Receiver 4. 4 and newer, FTU (First Time Use aka Add Account Wizard) will be displayed only if a store is not configured. If a store is already configured via command line, GPO, or Citrix Studio, then FTU screen will not be available after installation.
Otherwise, FTU can be suppressed by doing one of the following: (Note: Receiver 4. Add Account wizard)Discover Hidden Stores. When Receiver is first launched, it must perform Discovery, which is the process of downloading the . Store. Front. Discovery is performed by entering a Store. Front FQDN or Gateway FQDN.
To discover a hidden store (a store that’s not advertised), add %Store. Name to the end of the FQDN. CTX2. Unable to add account from Receiver dialog If the store is hidden in storefront. Citrix. Receiver.
Command line switches. Citrix Blog Post Citrix Receiver Command Line Helper Tool contains a GUI tool to build your installer command line. ?Installer Command Line Switches are detailed at Configure and install Receiver for Windows using command- line parameters at Citrix Docs. Common Command line switches include the following: /silent/include. SSON – enables pass- through authentication. GPO configuration is also required as detailed below. Citrix. Receiver. SSON/ALLOWADDSTORE=A – by default, only SSL (HTTPS) stores are accepted.
To allow non- SSL stores. Citrix. Receiver.
ALLOWADDSTORE=A/STORE0 – To add a store from the installation command line. Citrix. Receiver. STORE0="App. Store; https: //Citrix. Citrix/My. Store/discovery; on; App Store"/SELFSERVICEMODE=False – disables the Self- Service interface and enables shortcut- only mode. Citrix. Receiver. SELFSERVICEMODE=False/Auto.
Update. Check=auto – enables Receiver auto- update notifications. Citrix. Receiver.
Auto. Update. Check=auto/ENABLEPRELAUNCH=True – enables prelaunch. Citrix. Receiver. ENABLEPRELAUNCH=True/ALLOW_CLIENTHOSTEDAPPSURL=1 – enables Local App Access. Citrix. Receiver. ALLOW_CLIENTHOSTEDAPPSURL=1.
Registry values. HKLM\Software\Wow. Node\Citrix\Dazzle on the Receiver machine. All are of type REG_SZ (string) unless specified.
Note: several of these are configurable using the Reciever. Registry value at HKLM\Software\Wow.
Node\Citrix\Auth. Manager on the Receiver machine: Connection. Security. Mode = Any. Only if using http (instead of https) to connect to Store. Front. To prevent beacon probing from using proxy: HKLM\Software\WOW6. Node\Citrix\Receiver\inventory.